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TheCelticknothaswovenitswaythroughartists’imaginationsformorethanathousandyears.PictishstonemasonsworkingatRosemarkieinthe700sand800sdecoratedtheirchurchandmonumentswithcarvedpatternsusingflowinginterlace,jaggedkeypatternsandstylizedbirds.TheywerepartofamovementofscribesandmetalworkersacrossBritainandIrelandwhousedthisinsularstyleofart.ArtistsacrossthecenturiesandtheworldhavebeeninspiredbytheartofthePicts.Sincethe1700speoplehaveusedtheterm“Celtic”forthiswork.Celticartistsfusedthehistoricalstylewithartistictrendsfromtheirowntimestocreateexcitingnewart.Celticarthasalsobeenusedbyartistsandcraftspeopletoexploreideasaboutidentity,creativityandthepast.WhatdoestheCelticknotrepresentforyoutoday?
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VictorianBlingWealthyVictorianslovedtowearstatementjewelleryinspiredbyinsularart.ThistrendwaspartoftheCelticRevivalMovement.CraftspeopleinScotlandandIrelandusedtheCelticstyleasawayofclaimingtheirnationalidentity.Elsewhere,peopleworethisjewellerytoexpressaRomanticviewofHighlandhistory.JewellersandgoldsmithswereexcitedbythediscoveryoffindsliketheHunterstonandTarabrooches.Theymadescaled-downreplicabroochesandcreatednewdesignsinsimilarstyle.Artists,writersandothercraftspeplealsousedtheCelticpasttomakenewcreativework
IonaCelticartIn1899EuphemiaandAlexanderRitchiesetupacraftshoponIona.TheyblendedthehistoricartofIonawiththelatestideasoftheArtsandCraftsMovement.MembersoftheMovementreactedagainstmassproductionandvaluedhandmadeobjects.Theythoughtthatbeautifullydecoratedobjectsmadepeople’slivesbetter.EuphemiaandAlexanderwereinspiredbyfreestandingcrossesandgravestonesmadeonIonabetweenthe700sandthe1500s.TheyusedlocalstylestomakeworkthatwasbothoriginalandrootedinthehistoryofIona.PilgrimsandtouristsvisitedtheRItchies’craftshop.TheyboughtsouvenirjewelleryandfurnitureintheIonaCelticArtstyle.TheflowingdesignssuitedfashionableArtsandCraftsorArtNouveauhomes.
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1.ReplicaHunterstonBroochSilversmithscastthesumptuousHunterstonbroochintheearlyeighthcentury.AfterlabourersfoundthebroochinNorthAyrshire,inthe1830s,WilliamAchesonmadethishalf-sizeversioninDublinin1850.Achesonhadtochoosehowtochangethedecorationenoughtofitwhilestayingtruetotheoriginal.Hemadethefiligreeanimalslesscomplexbutkepttherunesfromthe900sontheback.WilliamAcheson,1850ROMGH.2012.11.1
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2.ReplicaTarabroochIn1850,localpeoplefoundtheeighth-century“Tara”broochonabeachnearBettystown,CountyMeath.ThesilversmithSamuelS.WaterhousemadeupthelinkbetweenthebroochandtheancientroyalsiteoftheHillofTaratomakehisreplicasmorevaluable.QueenVictoriaandPrinceAlbertenjoyedtheromantictieswithIreland’sheroicpastandboughttworeplicas.Waterhouse&Co,after1851ROMGH.2010.14
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3.Queen’sbroochWest&SonofDublinmadearangeofbroocheslooselybasedonthelate700sbroochfoundinLoughRamor,CountyCavan.Buyerscouldchoosedesignstosuittheirtasteandprice.West&Sonpresentedanexampleofthehigh-endgold,pearl-studdedversiontoQueenVictoriain1853,afterwhichthedesignwascalledthe“Queen’sbrooch.”TheMuseumofManufacturesboughttwodifferent“Cavan”broochesfromWest&SonattheGreatExhibitioninLondonin1851asexamplesofgooddesign.West&Son,designregistered1849ROMGH.2010.12
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4.CavanbroochWest&SonofDublinmadearangeofbroocheslooselybasedonthelate700sbroochfoundinLoughRamor,CountyCavan.Buyerscouldchoosedesignstosuittheirtasteandprice.West&Sonpresentedanexampleofthehigh-endgold,pearl-studdedversiontoQueenVictoriain1853,afterwhichthedesignwascalledthe“Queen’sbrooch.”TheMuseumofManufacturesboughttwodifferent“Cavan”broochesfromWest&SonattheGreatExhibitioninLondonin1851asexamplesofgooddesign.West&Son,1900-1910ROMGH.2010.13
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5.ClarendonbroochWaterhouse&Companycombinedtwobroochesfromthe900stomakethisdesignwhichtheynamedaftertheCountessofClarendon.TheycopiedthefrontofthebroochfromabroochfoundinVirginia,CountyCavan.TheOghamwritingonthebackwascopiedfromabroochfromBallyspellan,CountyKilkenny.Waterhouse&Company,designregistered1849ROMGH.2009.16
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6.Pseudo-annularbroochsetwithagatesThedesignersofthisbroochjoinedtogethertwoVictoriantrends.Theytookthepseudo-annularshapesandknotworkmotifsfromearlymedievalbrooches.ThentheyaddedcolourfulagatesandcrystalsfromfashionableScottish“pebble”jewellery.AfterQueenVictoriapopularisedaromanticideaofScotland,touristsboughtjewellerymadewithsemipreciousstonesfromaroundScotlandassouvenirs.Thesetypesofbroochesremainedpopularthroughoutthe1900s.Makerunknown,1873ROMGH.2010.11
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7.Hunterston-inspiredbroochsetwithfauxSkyemarbleThedesignersofthisbroochjoinedtogethertwoVictoriantrends.Theytookthepseudo-annularshapesandknotworkmotifsfromearlymedievalbrooches.ThentheyaddedcolourfulagatesandcrystalsfromfashionableScottish“pebble”jewellery.AfterQueenVictoriapopularisedaromanticideaofScotland,touristsboughtjewellerymadewithsemipreciousstonesfromaroundScotlandassouvenirs.Thesetypesofbroochesremainedpopularthroughoutthe1900s.Makerunknown,dateunknownROMGH.2012.12.2
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8.CitrineplaidbroochThedesignersofthisbroochjoinedtogethertwoVictoriantrends.Theytookthepseudo-annularshapesandknotworkmotifsfromearlymedievalbrooches.ThentheyaddedcolourfulagatesandcrystalsfromfashionableScottish“pebble”jewellery.AfterQueenVictoriapopularisedaromanticideaofScotland,touristsboughtjewellerymadewithsemipreciousstonesfromaroundScotlandassouvenirs.Thesetypesofbroochesremainedpopularthroughoutthe1900s.LG&Co,1909-1910ROMGH.2010.24.2
ColouringtableAnareaoftheexhibitionwhereyoungandoldcantrytheirhandatcolouringinaCelticdesign-andcanevenpinthemupforotherstoseeandadmire.
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IonaCelticartIn1899EuphemiaandAlexanderRitchiesetupacraftshoponIona.TheyblendedthehistoricartofIonawiththelatestideasoftheArtsandCraftsMovement.MembersoftheMovementreactedagainstmassproductionandvaluedhandmadeobjects.Theythoughtthatbeautifullydecoratedobjectsmadepeople’slivesbetter.EuphemiaandAlexanderwereinspiredbyfreestandingcrossesandgravestonesmadeonIonabetweenthe700sandthe1500s.TheyusedlocalstylestomakeworkthatwasbothoriginalandrootedinthehistoryofIona.PilgrimsandtouristsvisitedtheRItchies’craftshop.TheyboughtsouvenirjewelleryandfurnitureintheIonaCelticArtstyle.TheflowingdesignssuitedfashionableArtsandCraftsorArtNouveauhomes.
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9.BrasstrayTheRitchiesoftenusedtheboatdesignsthatmedievalsculptorscarvedonIonagraveslabs.Thesculptors’patronsandancestorshadusedthistypeofboattocontrolthewestcoastofScotland.TheRitchiesanchoredtheirworktotheplaceitwasmadebyre-usingastyledistinctivetothispartofScotland.AlexanderRitchie,firsthalfof1900sROMGH.2009.37
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10.BrassblottercoverTheRitchiesoftenusedtheboatdesignsthatmedievalsculptorscarvedonIonagraveslabs.Thesculptors’patronsandancestorshadusedthistypeofboattocontrolthewestcoastofScotland.TheRitchiesanchoredtheirworktotheplaceitwasmadebyre-usingastyledistinctivetothispartofScotland.10.BrassblottercoverIonaCelticArt,firsthalfof1900sROMGH.2009.39.11
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11.VikingshipbroochTouristsandpilgrimsflockedtoIonaeverysummer.TheRitchiesandtheirapprenticessoldjewelleryandsmallsouvenirornamentsbasedonthehistoryandhistoricsculptureoftheisland.ThesesmalltokensspreadtheCelticartofIonafarandwidebeyondtheWestHighlands.IainMcCormick,after1947ROMGH.2012.7.4
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12.PewtercharmsinspiredbyStColumba’spillowTouristsandpilgrimsflockedtoIonaeverysummer.TheRitchiesandtheirapprenticessoldjewelleryandsmallsouvenirornamentsbasedonthehistoryandhistoricsculptureoftheisland.ThesesmalltokensspreadtheCelticartofIonafarandwidebeyondtheWestHighlands.IainMcCormick,after1947ROMGH.2011.20.7.5and6
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13and14.ReplicaStJohn’sCrossandReplicaStMartin’sCrossTouristsandpilgrimsflockedtoIonaeverysummer.TheRitchiesandtheirapprenticessoldjewelleryandsmallsouvenirornamentsbasedonthehistoryandhistoricsculptureoftheisland.ThesesmalltokensspreadtheCelticartofIonafarandwidebeyondtheWestHighlands.ReplicaStJohn’sCross(left)IainMcCormick,after1947ROMGH.2011.20.5.1fReplicaStMartin’sCross(tight)IainMcCormick,after1947ROMGH.2011.20.5.2e
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15.CandlesconceTheRitchies’householdobjectsreflectedtheidealsoftheArtsandCraftsMovement.Theownersofthesebeautifulobjectswouldhaveusedthemintheirday-to-daylife.LiketheRitchies,WilliamMorrisandJohnRuskin,leadersoftheArtsandCraftsMovement,wereofteninfluencedbymedievalart.AlexanderRitchie,around1920ROMGH.2012.25
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16.NapkinringTheRitchies’householdobjectsreflectedtheidealsoftheArtsandCraftsMovement.Theownersofthesebeautifulobjectswouldhaveusedthemintheirday-to-daylife.LiketheRitchies,WilliamMorrisandJohnRuskin,leadersoftheArtsandCraftsMovement,wereofteninfluencedbymedievalart.AlexanderRitchie,1923ROMGH.2009.4
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17.LetteropenerTheRitchies’householdobjectsreflectedtheidealsoftheArtsandCraftsMovement.Theownersofthesebeautifulobjectswouldhaveusedthemintheirday-to-daylife.LiketheRitchies,WilliamMorrisandJohnRuskin,leadersoftheArtsandCraftsMovement,wereofteninfluencedbymedievalart.AlexanderRitchie,dateunknownROMGH.2009.39.8
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18.ReproductionIonaNunnery“Anointing”SpoonLabourersrepairingtheIonanunnerychurchin1923foundfragmentsofthreemedievallong-handledsilvergiltspoons.AlexanderRitchiecopiedoneofthespoonsandalsocreativelyadaptedpartsofthedesigntoasetofforks.AlexanderRitchie,1931-1932ROMGH.2009.15
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19.Setof6forksLabourersrepairingtheIonanunnerychurchin1923foundfragmentsofthreemedievallong-handledsilvergiltspoons.AlexanderRitchiecopiedoneofthespoonsandalsocreativelyadaptedpartsofthedesigntoasetofforks.AlexanderRitchie,1936ROMGH.2011.8.1-6
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20.TeacaddyEuphemiaandAlexanderRitchiemetinthe1890sattheGlasgowSchoolofArt.Atthistime,artistsanddesignerssuchasMargaretMacDonaldandCharlesRennieMackintoshweredevelopingwhatbecameknownasthe“GlasgowStyle.”TheyfusedinfluencessuchastheArtsandCraftsMovementandtheCelticRevivalintoastylethatinfluencedtheinternationalArtNouveauMovement.TheRitchiesandtheirapprenticeHelenMacPhailusedthecurving,sinuousformsfromtheirlocalmonumentstocreatepiecesfortheArtNouveauhome.HelenMacPhail,1900sROMGH.2012.23
Somethingfortheyoung-at-heart-usethestampstomakeCelticdesignsontheblankbook-marksprovided.BecomeaninstantCelticartist!
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GeorgeBainwasanartistandteacherwhopublishedCelticArt:TheMethodsofConstructionin1945.HewantedeveryonetobeabletocreateCelticdesignsusingsimplemethods.HefeltthatpeopleshoulduseCelticarttobecreative,sellcraftwork,andtofeelnationalpride.BainfoundexamplesofinsularartonPictishstones,illuminatedmanuscriptsandmetalwork.Hemadedetaileddrawingsandshowedhowtheycouldbedrawninaseriesofsimplesteps.HispupilsatKirkcaldyHighSchooltestedouthisteachingmethods.Bainthoughtthatjustcopyingdesignsfromthepastwaspointless.HestronglybelievedthatcraftspeopleshouldbeinnovativewithCelticart.HeimaginedordinarypeoplemakingeverydayobjectsdecoratedwithmodernCelticart.
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21.Plates1and2ofthe“ElementaryKnotworkBorders”sectionofCelticArt:TheMethodsofConstruction.BainworkedoutasimpleprocessfordesigningCelticknotwork.Hestartedwithadoublerowofdotsthathejoinedtogetherintoazig-zagline.Thenheaddedcurvesaboveandbelowthedotsanderasedsomeofthejoinstocreatepretzel-shaped